#Innate_immunity
Innate immunity is the natural immunity which a person receives from his/her genetic constitution and does not arise from prior infection or vaccination. These include the common protective reactions of the organism against the invasion of foreign substances or cells, such as surface barriers, biochemical factors and cellular mechanisms.
#Surface_barriers
Intact skin, mucous membranes, lysozymes, and other physical barriers help prevent pathogens from infecting the body. Pathogens generally cannot get past the skin and the inner lining of organs such as the epithelial lining of digestive tract. The inner walls of the respiratory airways are present with sticky mucus which prevents airway infections. The lysozymes and other chemicals present in mucus, tears, saliva, and gastric fluid provide protection by destroying bacteria. The urinary tract is prevented from infections by the urine's low pH and flushing action.
#Biochemical_factors
Interferons are a group of glycoproteins that are produced by every nucleated human cell in response to a wide range of stimuli such as bacterial, viral,and parasitic infections or tumor cells. Interferons are designated α, β, γ, and ω on the basis of their association with the producer cells and functions. Interferons inhibit viral replication in the neighbouring uninfected cells through specific receptors on the cells, without interfering with their normal metabolic processes. Interferons also inhibit cell proliferation of certain tumors, encouraging its use in cancer therapy.
#Cellular_mechanisms
The cellular mechanisms of the immune system include cellular components involved in natural resistance, namely phagocytic cells, anti-inflammatory responses, and natural killer cells (or NK cells). Phagocytosis is a process whereby a single phagocytic cell engulfs objects such as non-functional cells, mutated cells, or invading infectious organisms. Inflammatory responses are the body's local response to infection or injury. The familiar manifestation of inflammation includes local redness, swelling, burning sensation, and pain. The key components in inflammation are phagocytes - neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Neutrophils are abundant in the blood. These enter the tissues and phagocytize pathogens in acute inflammation. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow, which enter the blood and migrate into the connective tissue, where they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages secrete various substances, which contribute to natural resistance. Natural killer cells or NK cells are small cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a major role in innate immunity. NK cells are a part of first line of defense against cancer and infected cells. These cells are named as natural killers as they do not require activation by specific
present on the cell but are activated by cytokines released from other immune cells.
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