#Adrenals or
#Suprarenal_glands
The adrenal glands are found closely apposed to the upper poles of the kidneys. Each adrenal has an outer part called cortex and an inner part called medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes two types of hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids contain two hormones: corticosterone and hydrocortisone (or cortisol). Mineralocorticoids contain two hormones: aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone. Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones: adrenaline (or epinephrine) and noradrenaline (or norepinephrine).
#Corticosterone and #Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
#Corticosterone and #hydrocortisone promote synthesis of carbohydrates and breakdown of proteins. They also possess anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Hydrocortisone is administered to treat adverse reactions due to certain medications, for example penicillin, and during asthma attacks. Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to Cushing's syndrome, characterized by upper body obesity, particularly around the midsection and between the shoulders (buffalo hump), face (moon face) and trunk, thin arms and legs, thin skin, muscular weakness, high blood pressure, loss of calcium from bones, and excessive sugar in blood and urine. Hyposecretion of cortisol causes Addison's disease, which is characterized by the loss of salt and water in the body, muscular weakness, darkening of the skin, high blood pressure, nausea, fatigue, and vomiting.
#Aldosterone and #Deoxycorticosterone
Deoxycorticosterone is a precursor for the production of aldosterone. Both aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone promote sodium (Na+) retention and potassium (K+) loss through kidneys. Hypersecretion of aldosterone increases extracellular fluid volume and arterial pressure due to increased reabsorption of sodium. Its hyposecretion is responsible for Addison's disease.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, promotes increased blood flow through skeletal muscles. It stimulates increased oxygen consumption, increasing the blood pressure as well. It stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose and decreases insulin production, which results in increased blood sugar levels. It also slows down peristalsis of the digestive tract. Thus, adrenaline helps the body to respond to emergencies like fatigue, shock, fear, excitement, etc., and hence is often regarded as the 'emergency hormone'.
Noradrenaline
Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, stimulates the constriction of arterioles and venules, resulting in elevation of blood pressure.
Anatomy of a Adrenals or Suprarenal_glands kidney stones pain | |
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| People & Blogs | Upload TimePublished on 30 Jul 2019 |
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